Japan's neighbors reacted with concern after the country's upper
chamber of parliament approved measures Saturday removing some long-standing
limits on overseas combat.
The legislation
reinterprets Article 9 of Japan's pacifist post-World War II Constitution. That
section reads, in part, "the Japanese people forever renounce war as a
sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of
settling international disputes."
Now, the
Japanese military, known as the Self-Defense Forces, or SDF, will be allowed to
provide limited defense for its allies in conflicts abroad. The forces have
traditionally been restricted to humanitarian roles.
The 148-90 vote was
the final hurdle for the measures, which will go into effect within roughly the
next six months. The lower parliamentary chamber passed
the legislation in July.
Neighbors worry
China's Ministry of Defense accused
Japan of clinging to a "Cold War mentality," while media outlets
noted the measures were passed a day after the 84th anniversary of Japan's invasion
of China.
On September 18,
1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railroad owned by a Japanese company
in the Chinese city of Mukden. Japan blamed Chinese nationalists for the blast
and used it as a pretext to invade several northeastern provinces. Japanese
troops occupied the region for the next 14 years.
"We will
pay close attention to Japan's next moves," the Chinese ministry said in a
statement Saturday. "We urge Japan to learn hard lessons from history,
take seriously the security concerns of its Asian neighbors, stick to the path
of peaceful development, and do more to promote regional peace and
stability."
South Korea also reacted to news of the policy shift. In a
Foreign Ministry statement published by Yonhap News Agency, Seoul called on its neighbor to
remain dedicated to the spirit of peace. "In deciding and implementing
defense and security policy down the road, Japan will have to do so with
transparency and in the direction of contributing to regional peace and
stability, while maintaining the spirit of the pacifist constitution," the
statement read.
Seoul has kept a
wary eye on Japan's political maneuvering. There are still painful memories of
Japan's colonial rule, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. Japan's military also is
accused of forcing about 200,000 women, mainly from Korea and China, to serve
as sex slaves in the 1930s and '40s.
The legislation,
which Prime Minister Shinzo Abe championed, sparked fierce and vocal opposition
within Japan. Tokyo has seen massive demonstrations over the measures in recent
months. And a scuffle broke out in parliament Thursday as opposition lawmakers
in a special committee of the upper house attempted to delay a vote. But the
bill ultimately passed the committee, setting the stage for Saturday's vote.
The argument for the legislation
Supporters of the legislation, including
top U.S. officials, said Japan needs to expand the role of the Self-Defense
Forces to counter potential threats from China and North Korea. Both countries
continue to develop their military and nuclear weapons programs.
Tokyo has faced
international pressure to expand the role of its military in a way that allows
it todefend the interests of its key allies, including the United States.
America is bound by treaty to defend Japan.
The argument against
But the proposed changes triggered
outrage on the streets of Tokyo. Opponents of the legislation said seven
decades of Japanese postwar pacifism were tossed away without proper public
debate or discourse. Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators gathered in
recent weeks outside the Japanese parliament building -- the largest protests
of their kind in Japan in more than 50 years.
The Prime Minister
has grown increasingly unpopular in recent months for doggedly pushing the
controversial security bills through parliament. During protests against the
changes to Article 9, his face appeared on posters with a Hitler-style mustache
and Nazi swastika drawn on his forehead.
Sweeping government powers?
While the security legislation may
strengthen Japan's ties with its allies, Koichi Nakano, a professor at Sophia
University, warns it also gives "very sweeping powers to the
government," which could allow logistic support and assistance to allied
countries during wartime.
He said that
Abe's administration has rushed discussion of the security legislation, and
that the public demands "the government to slow down so that people get a
better understanding of what is happening."
Opposition to the
move is clearly evident in opinion polls. A recent poll carried out by Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun indicated
that 54% of respondents opposed the legislation, while 29% supported it.
Three-quarters of respondents said parliamentary debate on security measures
has been insufficient.
Economic costs
There is also concern about the
potential impact of the legislation on Japan's defense budget at a time when
the nation is struggling with a crippling national deficit and chronic economic
stagnation.
The expansion of
Self-Defense Forces missions could spur increases in defense spending. Japan's
Ministry of Defense submitted a 5.09 trillion yen ($41.7 billion) request for
budget allocations for the coming fiscal year, a 2.2% increase from 2015.
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